虚拟语气的用法

一、 条件句中的虚拟语气

• 01

  1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式
  从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。

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  2. 条件句中的虚拟语气的举例
  (1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：
  If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。

  If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。

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  (2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：
  If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。
  If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。

  (3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：
  If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。
  If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。

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  3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题

  (1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用 was 代替 were。但在倒装虚拟结构及 if I were you, as it were 中，只能用 were。如：
  Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。
  If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。

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  (2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。
  ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：
  If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了
  If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。

  ②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：
  If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。
  If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。

  ③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：
  If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。
  If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。

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  (3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were, should, had 时，if 可省略，而将 were, should, had等词置于句首。如：
  Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。
  Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
  Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了

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  (4) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：
  I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。
  But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
  Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。

• 08

  (5) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
  ①省略从句
  He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。
  You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。

  ②省略主句
  If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
  If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。

二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气

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  1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
  (1) 在 for fear that, in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should 不能省略
  She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。

  He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。

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  (2) 在 so that, in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如(from www.yygrammar.com)：
  He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。

  He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。

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  2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气
  (1) 在 even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：
  Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。

  Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。

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  (2) 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：
  ① may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：
  We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。

  We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。

  I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。

  ② may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：
  You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲(from www.yygrammar.com)。

  We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。

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  (3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：
  Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。

  Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。

  

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  3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
  as if, as though 引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为下图所示。
  例如：
  They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。
  He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。

• 07

  4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气
  amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
  ① should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：
  He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。

  I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。

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  ② should + 完成式, 指过去。如：
  I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。

  I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情

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